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The submissions in a spectrum proceeding generally make two kinds of points. Sometimes the staff uses these meetings to test possible compromises among the parties.Īll this openness and transparency has a big exception: Other federal agencies, like the FAA, can and sometimes do submit comments to the FCC’s website, but they also have a back channel to deliver private communications. Ordinarily, parties can also make in-person presentations to the FCC staff and the five commissioners, if they post summaries of what they say. There follows a back-and-forth exchange of written submissions posted to the FCC’s website, typically lasting a year or more. On technical issues, that input comes mostly from the affected industries after the FCC outlines its tentative plans in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. George Rose/Getty ImagesĬongress prohibits the FCC (and other federal agencies) from changing the regulatory ground rules without first This radio tower, located near downtown Los Angeles, is bedecked with 6-GHz fixed-microwave antennas that serve area police and fire departments. Strategies for accomplishing that task vary. The newcomer must deal with the spectrum and its occupants as it finds them. It is commonplace for newcomers to complain that any interference they cause is not their fault, attributing it to inferior incumbent receivers that fail to screen out unwanted signals. The FCC tries to write technical rules for the new or expanded service that will leave the incumbents mostly unaffected. To accommodate an unlicensed service like Wi-Fi, the FCC overlays the new users onto the same frequencies as the incumbents, usually at lower power.
For a licensed service like 5G, the FCC generally clears incumbent users from a range of frequencies-either repacking them into other frequencies nearby or relocating them to a different part of the spectrum-and then auctions the freed-up spectrum to providers of the new service. So when a new service like 5G appears, or an older one like Wi-Fi needs room to expand, the FCC has two options. The problem is that this region of spectrum has been fully occupied for decades. Phones, tablets, laptops, smart speakers, Wi-Fi-enabled TVs and other appliances, Internet-of-things devices, lots of commercial and industrial gear-they all need these same frequencies. Suitable spectrum for mobile data-4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, many others-runs from a few hundred megahertz to a few gigahertz. Every radio-based application has its own needs and its own spectral sweet spot. Higher frequencies offer the bandwidth to carry more data, and work well with smaller antennas. Lower frequencies travel farther and propagate better through buildings and terrain. I’ve been in the thick of such arguments, so I wanted to share how these issues arise and how they are settled. Disagreement among the engineers then opens the way for public safety to become just one among several competing interests. Usually, though, opposing parties’ technical analyses give different results.
Whether a new radio-based service will interfere with existing services in the same slice of the spectrum seems like a straightforward physics problem. (As an attorney, I represented a microwave-industry group in the ensuing legal dispute.) The microwave operators predicted that the Wi-Fi devices would disrupt their systems the Wi-Fi interests insisted they would not. Point-to-point microwave systems to carry safety-critical data. Air travelers didn’t know what to believe.Īnother recent FCC decision had also created a controversy about public safety: okaying Wi-Fi devices in a 6-gigahertz frequency band long used by The altimeters are safe, they maintained. Federal Communications Commission, which had authorized 5G. Not true, said AT&T and Verizon, with the backing of the U.S.
Federal Aviation Administration warned that new 5G services from AT&T and Verizon might interfere with the radar altimeters that airplane pilots rely on to land safely. You’ve no doubt seen the scary headlines: Will 5G Cause Planes to Crash? They appeared late last year, after the U.S.